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The region considered as Sub-Saharian Africa includes all countries located south of the Sahara Desert, that includes, around 46 countries, like, for example, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia, Angola, Tanzania and South Africa, among many others. The resources and tools available in these countries to measure crime are limited. Furthermore, this region records some of the highest levels of poverty and lowest levels of development in the world accordi

Xenophobia has become a normalized and central dynamic in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, emerging as a response to overlapping crisis that have further weakened already fragile society. Armed conflicts, economic instability, climate disasters, rising food and fuel prices and corruption have created a fertile ground for discrimination. Across the region, exclusion is not only social but also institutional: displaced people and refugees are often treated as second-class citizens,

Although the dominant perception in Europe presents African migration as a mass flow directed toward the global north, the data show a very different reality: African migration occurs mainly within Africa. According to 2019 United Nations data, 69% of migrants from sub-Saharan Africa remain on the continent. If the north is included, the proportion is still a majority: 53% of migrants live in another African country. In absolute terms, it is estimated that around 31 million A